Month: April 2015

7. Explain about congestion control.   Congestion is an important issue that can arise in packet switched network. Congestion is a situation in Communication Networks in which too many packets are present in a part of the subnet, performance degrades. Congestion in a network may occur when the load on the network (i.e. the number of packets sent to the network) is greater than the capacity of the network (i.e. the number of packets a network can handle.)     SAP Client Copy – Local, Remote & Import / export SAP System Administration Transactions – 1 In other words when too much traffic is offered, congestion sets in and performance degrades sharply.   What is SAP Landscape? What is SAP R3 Architecture ? SAP Architecture

8. Discuss about Application layer security.   Application Layer Security :   Application layer security refers to methods of protecting Web applications at the application layer (layer 7 of the seven-layer OSI model) from malicious attacks that may expose private information. Security is applied to the application layer specifically to protect against unauthorized access and attacks. SAP System Administration Transactions – 1   SAP Client Copy – Local, Remote & Import / export Application Security Manager provides proactive application-layer protection by understanding and analyzing a user's interaction with the application firewall. Application Security Manager is automatically configured to allow only authorized application transactions, protecting networks and critical data from application attacks including hacking, cross-site scripting, and parameter tampering. Capabilities such as packet inspection and behavior analysis protect against mal…

Explain about TDM.     Time Division Multiplexing processes information of different transmitters successively in defined time segments for transmission over one channel. Time Division Multiplexing is differentiated in synchronous and asynchronous multiplexing.   Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing   Single data streams are classified in variable time segments and subsequently transmitted using the asynchronous time division multiplexing procedure. Thereby transmission occurs in no definite order. Each time segment receives a channel information number to separate them again in the demultiplexer procedure.   Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing   Using the synchronous method, single data streams are classified in defined time segments for subsequent transmission in predetermined order.     Using this TDM procedure for example 8 x Gigabit Ethernet applications can be multiplexed to one 10 Gigabit signal. In the following this independent 10 Gigabi…

Explain about TDM.     Time Division Multiplexing processes information of different transmitters successively in defined time segments for transmission over one channel. Time Division Multiplexing is differentiated in synchronous and asynchronous multiplexing.     Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing   Single data streams are classified in variable time segments and subsequently transmitted using the asynchronous time division multiplexing procedure. Thereby transmission occurs in no definite order. Each time segment receives a channel information number to separate them again in the demultiplexer procedure.   Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing   Using the synchronous method, single data streams are classified in defined time segments for subsequent transmission in predetermined order.     Using this TDM procedure for example 8 x Gigabit Ethernet applications can be multiplexed to one 10 Gigabit signal. In the following this independent 10 Gigabit s…

Discuss about SONET   Synchronous optical networking (SONET) is a standardized digital communication protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium. With SONET, multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams.   SONET is a product of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).   SONET is not that different from other technologies, but hardware was manufactured to provide better configuration and reliable services to its users. SONET may use a re-generator for long haul distances. This device boosts signals that have already traveled for a long distance. Signals are transmitted into electrical signals and then re-generated into high-power signals. Add drop multiplexers (ADMs) are also common parts of SONET. ADMs are designed to fully support the network architecture of SONET. SONET supports multiple data streams at the same time. It was de…

Describe the importance of the physical layer.   The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model, is concerned with the transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the electrical / optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the signals for all of the higher layers. It provides:   Data encoding: modifies the simple digital signal pattern (1s and 0s) used by the PC to better accommodate the characteristics of the physical medium, and to aid in bit and frame synchronization. It determines:   What signal state represents a binary 1   How the receiving station knows when a "bit-time" starts How the receiving station delimits a frame Physical medium attachment, accommodating various possibilities in the medium.   Transmission technique: determines whether the encoded bits will be transmitted by baseband (digital) or broadband (analog) signaling.     Physical medium…

Discuss about SONET   Synchronous optical networking (SONET) is a standardized digital communication protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium. With SONET, multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams. SONET is a product of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).   SONET is not that different from other technologies, but hardware was manufactured to provide better configuration and reliable services to its users. SONET may use a re-generator for long haul distances. This device boosts signals that have already traveled for a long distance. Signals are transmitted into electrical signals and then re-generated into high-power signals. Add drop multiplexers (ADMs) are also common parts of SONET. ADMs are designed to fully support the network architecture of SONET. SONET supports multiple data streams at the same time. It…