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Explain about TDM | iiQ8 Technology

Explain about TDM Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) – Explained Clearly Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a digital multiplexing technique used to transmit multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing time into separate time slots. Each signal gets a unique time slot in a repeating sequence. It’s widely used in telecommunications, data communication systems, and networking, especially where bandwidth is limited. ✅ What is TDM? TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) allows multiple data streams to share the same channel, but not at the same time. Instead, each signal transmits in rapid rotation—one after the other—in fixed or dynamically assigned time slots. 📊 How TDM Works The total time on the channel is divided into small slots. Each signal or data source is assigned a specific time slot. The channel sends one unit of data per source in its designated time slot. The process repeats cyclically so ea…

What is SONET? A Complete Guide to Synchronous Optical Networking iiQ8

What is SONET? A Complete Guide to Synchronous Optical Networking What is SONET? A Complete Guide to Synchronous Optical Networking 📡 What is SONET? SONET stands for Synchronous Optical Network. It is a standardized digital communication protocol used to transmit a large volume of data over optical fiber using lasers or LEDs. Developed in the United States by ANSI, SONET is designed to provide high-speed, reliable, and scalable transmission for voice, video, and data over long distances. 🔍 Key Features of SONET: Feature Description High Speed Supports transmission rates from 51.84 Mbps (OC-1) up to several Gbps. Synchronous All network elements are synchronized to a master clock, ensuring accuracy. Standardized Frames Uses a fixed-size frame format for easy multiplexing and management. Multiplexing Support Can combine multiple data streams into one (TDM – Time Division Multiplexing). Fault Tolerance Su…

Describe the importance of the physical layer | iiQ8 OSI Layers

Describe the importance of the physical layer The physical layer is the lowest layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, and it plays a crucial role in network communication. Its importance lies in the fact that it is responsible for the actual transmission of raw data bits over a physical medium, such as copper wires, fiber optics, or wireless signals. Key Reasons Why the Physical Layer Is Important: Transmission of Raw Data Converts data into electrical, optical, or radio signals. Ensures that binary 1s and 0s from higher layers are accurately transmitted as signals across the physical medium. Defines Hardware Specifications Specifies the physical characteristics of devices (e.g., cables, connectors, voltage levels, pin layouts, etc.). Determines how devices physically connect to each other. Determines Data Rate Establishes how many bits per second (bps) can be transmitted. Affects the speed and ef…

Discuss about SONET

Discuss about SONET Synchronous optical networking (SONET) is a standardized digital communication protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium. With SONET, multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams. SONET is a product of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SONET is not that different from other technologies, but hardware was manufactured to provide better configuration and reliable services to its users. SONET may use a re-generator for long haul distances. This device boosts signals that have already traveled for a long distance. Signals are transmitted into electrical signals and then re-generated into high-power signals. Add drop multiplexers (ADMs) are also common parts of SONET. ADMs are designed to fully support the network architecture of SONET. SONET supports multiple data streams at the same time. It…

Top 3 Essential Explain any three aggregate functions with examples | iiQ8

Explain any three aggregate functions with examples | iiQ8 Aggregate Functions are keywords in SQL used to manipulate values within columns for output purposes. A function is a command always used in conjunction with a column name or expression. There are several types of functions in SQL. An aggregate function is used to provide summarization information for an SQL statement, such as counts, totals, and averages. Here are three commonly used aggregate functions in SQL, along with simple explanations and examples: 🔹 1. COUNT() Purpose: Returns the number of rows that match a specified condition. Example: SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_employees FROM employees; Explanation: This query returns the total number of rows in the employees table. 🔹 2. SUM() Purpose: Returns the sum of values in a numeric column. Example: SELECT SUM(salary) AS total_salary FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales'; Explanation: This query return…

Explain embedded SQL

Explain embedded SQL. Embedded SQL is a method of inserting inline SQL statements or queries into the code of a programming language, which is known as a host language. Because the host language cannot parse SQL, the inserted SQL is parsed by an embedded SQL preprocessor. Embedded SQL is a robust and convenient method of combining the computing power of a programming language with SQL's specialized data management and manipulation capabilities.

Explain Database architecture: A Complete Overview iiQ8

Explain Database architecture: A Complete Overview Database Architecture: A Complete Overview Database architecture refers to the design, structure, and organization of a database system. It defines how data is stored, managed, accessed, and processed within a database environment. Understanding database architecture is essential for students, developers, DBAs, and IT professionals as it forms the backbone of any data-driven application. ✅ What is Database Architecture? Database architecture is a framework that outlines how users, applications, and the database interact with each other. It includes various components such as: Database Engine Storage System Query Processor Users and Interfaces Middleware The architecture determines how efficiently data is processed, how secure it is, and how scalable and reliable the system will be. 🧱 Types of Database Architecture Single-Tier Architecture (1-Tier) The use…

Excel Cannot Complete this Task with Available Resources

SOLVED - Excel Cannot Complete this Task with Available Resources... SOLVED - Excel Cannot Complete this Task with Available Resources... So, you have a massive 45MB Excel spreadsheet open with multiple pages and you're about to update a few thousand cells when this error box pops up: "Excel cannot continue this task with available resources. Choose less data or close other applications. Continue without Undo?" What to do?! This can be a frustrating experience, especially if you're certain the computer is powerful enough and has 4GB or more RAM installed. The issue is indeed resources related, but adding more memory will not fix things. If for example you have Chrome or Firefox open with a couple dozen tabs at the same time, closing that browser while working in Excel can help alleviate the resource limitation... but not always. http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com A http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com reader who uses Microsoft Office Home and B…

HOW TO INSTALL WINDOWS 7 FULL TUTORIAL (HD)

HOW TO INSTALL WINDOWS 7 FULL TUTORIAL (HD) HOW TO INSTALL WINDOWS 7 FULL TUTORIAL (HD) HOW TO INSTALL WINDOWS 7 FULL TUTORIAL (HD) A http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com reader who uses how to install windows 7,windows vista , full tutorial...

How to install laminate flooring

How to install laminate flooring How to install laminate flooring How to install laminate flooring A http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com reader who uses In this video I'll show you how to install laminate flooring. Learn how to lay down a laminate floor in no time. The real fast easy professional way. Thank you for over 1.4 views.

How To Install Android 4.4 KitKat For Galaxy Y

How To Install Android 4.4 KitKat For Galaxy Y How To Install Android 4.4 KitKat For Galaxy Y A http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com reader who uses How To Install Android 4.4 KitKat For Galaxy Y

Explain ACID Properties with 30 Common Interview Q&As

Explain ACID Properties with 30 Common Interview Q&As The ACID properties are a set of principles that guarantee reliable processing of database transactions. Explain ACID Properties These properties ensure data integrity, especially in systems where multiple transactions occur simultaneously (like in banking, e-commerce, etc.). Here’s a breakdown of each ACID property: 🔹 A — Atomicity Definition: A transaction is all-or-nothing. If any part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction fails and the database is rolled back to its original state. Example: If you transfer money from Account A to Account B, both the debit and the credit must occur. If the credit fails, the debit is undone. 🔹 C — Consistency Definition: A transaction must bring the database from one valid state to another. It ensures that all data integrity rules and constraints (like foreign keys, unique constraints) are maintained. Example: If a rule r…

Explain normalization in Database

Explain normalization. Explain normalization. In creating a database, normalization is the process of organizing it into tables in such a way that the results of using the database are always unambiguous and as intended. Normalization may have the effect of duplicating data within the database and often results in the creation of additional tables. (While normalization tends to increase the duplication of data, it does not introduce redundancy, which is unnecessary duplication.) Normalization is typically a refinement process after the initial exercise of identifying the data objects that should be in the database, identifying their relationships, and defining the tables required and the columns within each table. First normal form (1NF). This is the "basic" level of normalization and generally corresponds to the definition of any database, namely: It contains two-dimensional tables with rows and columns. Each column corresponds to a sub-object or a…

Define XML and explain the structure of XML

Define XML and explain the structure of XML. Define XML and explain the structure of XML. XML stands for extensible markup language. XML was developed around 1996 and is a subset of SGML. It's documents conform to SGML. XML was made less complicated than SGML to enable its use on the web. XML uses the ISO 10646 (Unicode) standard for encoding characters. XML Structure This page provides a description of XML structure including the document parts, the prologue, and provides a simple XML example document. Document Parts Prolog Document Element (root element) The Prologue : The prologue, equivalent to the header in HTML, may include the following: An XML declaration (optional) such as: <?xml version="1.0"?> A DTD or reference to one (optional). An example reference to an external DTD file: <!DOCTYPE LANGLIST SYSTEM "langlist.dtd"> Processing instructions - An example processing instruction that causes style to be…

Explain Network and Relational data models

7. Explain Network and Relational data models. Explain Network and Relational data models The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph in which object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs, is not restricted to being a hierarchy or lattice. The relational model for database management is a database model based on first-order predicate logic, first formulated and proposed in 1969. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database. In the relational model, related records are linked together with a "key". The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries: users directly state what information the database contain…

Define deadlock with example

6. Define deadlock with example. Define deadlock with example In a database, a deadlock is a situation that occurs when two or more different database sessions have some data locked, and each database session requests a lock on the data that another, different, session has already locked. Because the sessions are waiting for each other, nothing can get done, and the sessions just waste time instead. This scenario where nothing happens because of sessions waiting indefinitely for each other is known as deadlock. Database deadlock example: Suppose we have two database sessions called A and B. Let’s say that session A requests and has a lock on some data – and let’s call the data Y. And then session B has a lock on some data that we will call Z. But now, lets say that session A needs a lock on data Z in order to run another SQL statement, but that lock is currently held by session B. And, let’s say that session B needs a lock on data Y, but that lock is…

Define RDBMS with example

4. Define RDBMS with example. Define RDBMS with example RDBMS is the abbreviated form of Relational Data Base Management System. A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as invented by E. F. Codd, of IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory. Many popular databases currently in use are based on the relational database model. RDBMSs have become a predominant choice for the storage of information in new databases used for financial records, manufacturing and logistical information, personnel data, and much more since the 1980s. Relational databases have often replaced legacy hierarchical databases and network databases because they are easier to understand and use. However, relational databases have been challenged by object databases, which were introduced in an attempt to address the object-relational impedance mismatch in relational database, and XML databases. …

Explain About Triggers | Database Management Systems (DBMS) | Very Important FAQs | iiQ8 Technology

Explain About Triggers | Database Management Systems (DBMS) | iiQ8 Technology Explain About Triggers | Database Management Systems (DBMS) | iiQ8 Technology Explain about triggers. Explain about triggers | Triggers in Database Management Systems (DBMS) Introduction In modern database systems, maintaining data accuracy, consistency, and security is extremely important. One of the most powerful tools used to automate database operations and enforce rules is the database trigger. Triggers help databases respond automatically to certain events without requiring manual intervention or additional application code. A database trigger is a set of stored instructions (procedural code) that is automatically executed by the database management system when a specified event occurs on a particular table or view. These events usually involve data manipulation operations such as inserting, updating, or deleting records. Triggers play a crucial role in ensuri…

Define instances and schemas

3. Define instances and schemas. Define instances and schemas In DBMS, Instance is the information stored in the Database at a particular moment. Schema is the overall Design of the Database. In programming, we declare a variable which corresponds to "Schema". But its values changes as and when required which corresponds to "Instance". Physical Schema describes database design at physical level while a logical schema describes the database design at the logical level. A database may also have several schemas at the view level, sometimes called subschemas, that describe different views of the database.

Explain Database users

Explain Database users. Database Users Database administrators – DBA is responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, and acquiring software and hardware resources as needed. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Database designers – identify data to be stored in the database and choosing appropriate structures to represent and store the data. Most of these functions are done before the database is implemented and populated with the data. It is the responsibility of the database designers to communicate with all prospective users to understand their requirements and come up with a design that meets these requirements. Database designers interact with all potential users and develop views of the database that meet the data and processing requirements of these groups. The final database must support the requirements of all user groups. End Users Casual End Users – occasionally …

Explain the three levels in data abstraction

Explain the three levels in data abstraction. Explain the three levels in data abstraction. Three levels of data abstraction are: 1. Physical level : How the data is stored physically and where it is stored in database. 2. Logical level: What information or data is stored in the database (like what is the data type or what is format of data. 3. View level: End users work on view level. If any amendment is made it can be saved by other name. For the database to be usable it must retrieve data efficiently. This efficiency led designer to use complex data structure in the database.