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Explain about TDM

Explain about TDM. Time Division Multiplexing processes information of different transmitters successively in defined time segments for transmission over one channel. Time Division Multiplexing is differentiated in synchronous and asynchronous multiplexing. Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing Single data streams are classified in variable time segments and subsequently transmitted using the asynchronous time division multiplexing procedure. Thereby transmission occurs in no definite order. Each time segment receives a channel information number to separate them again in the demultiplexer procedure. Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing Using the synchronous method, single data streams are classified in defined time segments for subsequent transmission in predetermined order. Using this TDM procedure for example 8 x Gigabit Ethernet applications can be multiplexed to one 10 Gigabit signal. In the following this independent 10 Gigabi…

Discuss about SONET

Discuss about SONET Synchronous optical networking (SONET) is a standardized digital communication protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium. With SONET, multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams. SONET is a product of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SONET is not that different from other technologies, but hardware was manufactured to provide better configuration and reliable services to its users. SONET may use a re-generator for long haul distances. This device boosts signals that have already traveled for a long distance. Signals are transmitted into electrical signals and then re-generated into high-power signals. Add drop multiplexers (ADMs) are also common parts of SONET. ADMs are designed to fully support the network architecture of SONET. SONET supports multiple data streams at the same time. It…

Explain about TDM

Explain about TDM. Time Division Multiplexing processes information of different transmitters successively in defined time segments for transmission over one channel. Time Division Multiplexing is differentiated in synchronous and asynchronous multiplexing. Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing Single data streams are classified in variable time segments and subsequently transmitted using the asynchronous time division multiplexing procedure. Thereby transmission occurs in no definite order. Each time segment receives a channel information number to separate them again in the demultiplexer procedure. Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing Using the synchronous method, single data streams are classified in defined time segments for subsequent transmission in predetermined order. Using this TDM procedure for example 8 x Gigabit Ethernet applications can be multiplexed to one 10 Gigabit signal. In the following this independent 10 Gigabit s…

Discuss about SONET

Discuss about SONET Synchronous optical networking (SONET) is a standardized digital communication protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic medium. With SONET, multiple digital data streams are transferred at the same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser beams. SONET is a product of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). SONET is not that different from other technologies, but hardware was manufactured to provide better configuration and reliable services to its users. SONET may use a re-generator for long haul distances. This device boosts signals that have already traveled for a long distance. Signals are transmitted into electrical signals and then re-generated into high-power signals. Add drop multiplexers (ADMs) are also common parts of SONET. ADMs are designed to fully support the network architecture of SONET. SONET supports multiple data streams at the same time. It was de…

Describe the importance of the physical layer

Describe the importance of the physical layer. The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model, is concerned with the transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the electrical / optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the signals for all of the higher layers. It provides: Data encoding: modifies the simple digital signal pattern (1s and 0s) used by the PC to better accommodate the characteristics of the physical medium, and to aid in bit and frame synchronization. It determines: What signal state represents a binary 1 How the receiving station knows when a "bit-time" starts How the receiving station delimits a frame Physical medium attachment, accommodating various possibilities in the medium. Transmission technique: determines whether the encoded bits will be transmitted by baseband (digital) or broadband (analog) signaling. Physical medium…

Explain embedded SQL

Explain embedded SQL. Embedded SQL is a method of inserting inline SQL statements or queries into the code of a programming language, which is known as a host language. Because the host language cannot parse SQL, the inserted SQL is parsed by an embedded SQL preprocessor. Embedded SQL is a robust and convenient method of combining the computing power of a programming language with SQL's specialized data management and manipulation capabilities.

Explain any three aggregate functions with examples

Explain any three aggregate functions with examples. Aggregate Functions are keywords in SQL used to manipulate values within columns for output purposes. A function is a command always used in conjunction with a column name or expression. There are several types of functions in SQL. An aggregate function is used to provide summarization information for an SQL statement, such as counts, totals, and averages. MIN - returns the smallest value in a given column MAX - returns the largest value in a given column SUM - returns the sum of the numeric values in a given column AVG - returns the average value of a given column COUNT- returns the total number of values in a given column COUNT(*) - returns the number of rows in a table SQL Aggregate Functions: SQL Aggregate Functions operate on complete sets of data and return a single result. PointBase supports five Aggregate Functions: AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM. AVG The AVG Funct…

Explain Database architecture

Explain Database architecture There are following three levels or layers of DBMS architecture: • External Level •Conceptual Level • Internal Level Objective of the Three Level Architecture The objective of the three level architecture is to separate each user's view of the database from the Way the database is physically represented. There are several reasons why this separation is desirable: • Each user should be able to access the same data, but have a different customized view of the data. Each user should be able to change the way he or she views the data, and this change should not affect other users. • Users should not have to deal directly with physical database storage details, such as indexing or hashing. In other words a user's interaction with the database should be independent of storage considerations. • The Database Administrator (DBA) should be able to change the database storage structures without affecting the user's views…

Excel Cannot Complete this Task with Available Resources

SOLVED - Excel Cannot Complete this Task with Available Resources... SOLVED - Excel Cannot Complete this Task with Available Resources... So, you have a massive 45MB Excel spreadsheet open with multiple pages and you're about to update a few thousand cells when this error box pops up: "Excel cannot continue this task with available resources. Choose less data or close other applications. Continue without Undo?" What to do?! This can be a frustrating experience, especially if you're certain the computer is powerful enough and has 4GB or more RAM installed. The issue is indeed resources related, but adding more memory will not fix things. If for example you have Chrome or Firefox open with a couple dozen tabs at the same time, closing that browser while working in Excel can help alleviate the resource limitation... but not always. http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com A http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com reader who uses Microsoft Office Home and B…

HOW TO INSTALL WINDOWS 7 FULL TUTORIAL (HD)

HOW TO INSTALL WINDOWS 7 FULL TUTORIAL (HD) HOW TO INSTALL WINDOWS 7 FULL TUTORIAL (HD) HOW TO INSTALL WINDOWS 7 FULL TUTORIAL (HD) A http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com reader who uses how to install windows 7,windows vista , full tutorial...

How to install laminate flooring

How to install laminate flooring How to install laminate flooring How to install laminate flooring A http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com reader who uses In this video I'll show you how to install laminate flooring. Learn how to lay down a laminate floor in no time. The real fast easy professional way. Thank you for over 1.4 views.

How To Install Android 4.4 KitKat For Galaxy Y

How To Install Android 4.4 KitKat For Galaxy Y How To Install Android 4.4 KitKat For Galaxy Y A http://how-to-install-it.blogspot.com reader who uses How To Install Android 4.4 KitKat For Galaxy Y

Explain ACID properties.

Explain ACID properties Explain ACID properties. ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that database transactions are processed reliably. In the context of databases, a single logical operation on the data is called a transaction. For example, a transfer of funds from one bank account to another, even involving multiple changes such as debiting one account and crediting another, is a single transaction. Atomicity : Atomicity requires that each transaction be "all or nothing": if one part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction fails, and the database state is left unchanged. An atomic system must guarantee atomicity in each and every situation, including power failures, errors, and crashes. To the outside world, a committed transaction appears (by its effects on the database) to be indivisible ("atomic"), and an aborted transaction does not happen. Consistency : The consistency property ensures that any…

Explain normalization in Database

Explain normalization. Explain normalization. In creating a database, normalization is the process of organizing it into tables in such a way that the results of using the database are always unambiguous and as intended. Normalization may have the effect of duplicating data within the database and often results in the creation of additional tables. (While normalization tends to increase the duplication of data, it does not introduce redundancy, which is unnecessary duplication.) Normalization is typically a refinement process after the initial exercise of identifying the data objects that should be in the database, identifying their relationships, and defining the tables required and the columns within each table. First normal form (1NF). This is the "basic" level of normalization and generally corresponds to the definition of any database, namely: It contains two-dimensional tables with rows and columns. Each column corresponds to a sub-object or a…

Define XML and explain the structure of XML

Define XML and explain the structure of XML. Define XML and explain the structure of XML. XML stands for extensible markup language. XML was developed around 1996 and is a subset of SGML. It's documents conform to SGML. XML was made less complicated than SGML to enable its use on the web. XML uses the ISO 10646 (Unicode) standard for encoding characters. XML Structure This page provides a description of XML structure including the document parts, the prologue, and provides a simple XML example document. Document Parts Prolog Document Element (root element) The Prologue : The prologue, equivalent to the header in HTML, may include the following: An XML declaration (optional) such as: <?xml version="1.0"?> A DTD or reference to one (optional). An example reference to an external DTD file: <!DOCTYPE LANGLIST SYSTEM "langlist.dtd"> Processing instructions - An example processing instruction that causes style to be…

Explain Network and Relational data models

7. Explain Network and Relational data models. Explain Network and Relational data models The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph in which object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs, is not restricted to being a hierarchy or lattice. The relational model for database management is a database model based on first-order predicate logic, first formulated and proposed in 1969. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database. In the relational model, related records are linked together with a "key". The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries: users directly state what information the database contain…

Explain about triggers

5. Explain about triggers. Explain about triggers A database trigger is stored code that is executed immediately after a predefined event. It is used to ensure the coordinated performance of related actions. Although implementation varies, all major relational databases support triggers. A database trigger is procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table in a database. Triggers can restrict access to specific data, perform logging, or audit data modifications.

Define deadlock with example

6. Define deadlock with example. Define deadlock with example In a database, a deadlock is a situation that occurs when two or more different database sessions have some data locked, and each database session requests a lock on the data that another, different, session has already locked. Because the sessions are waiting for each other, nothing can get done, and the sessions just waste time instead. This scenario where nothing happens because of sessions waiting indefinitely for each other is known as deadlock. Database deadlock example: Suppose we have two database sessions called A and B. Let’s say that session A requests and has a lock on some data – and let’s call the data Y. And then session B has a lock on some data that we will call Z. But now, lets say that session A needs a lock on data Z in order to run another SQL statement, but that lock is currently held by session B. And, let’s say that session B needs a lock on data Y, but that lock is…

Define RDBMS with example

4. Define RDBMS with example. Define RDBMS with example RDBMS is the abbreviated form of Relational Data Base Management System. A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as invented by E. F. Codd, of IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory. Many popular databases currently in use are based on the relational database model. RDBMSs have become a predominant choice for the storage of information in new databases used for financial records, manufacturing and logistical information, personnel data, and much more since the 1980s. Relational databases have often replaced legacy hierarchical databases and network databases because they are easier to understand and use. However, relational databases have been challenged by object databases, which were introduced in an attempt to address the object-relational impedance mismatch in relational database, and XML databases. …

Define instances and schemas

3. Define instances and schemas. Define instances and schemas In DBMS, Instance is the information stored in the Database at a particular moment. Schema is the overall Design of the Database. In programming, we declare a variable which corresponds to "Schema". But its values changes as and when required which corresponds to "Instance". Physical Schema describes database design at physical level while a logical schema describes the database design at the logical level. A database may also have several schemas at the view level, sometimes called subschemas, that describe different views of the database.

Explain Database users

Explain Database users. Database Users Database administrators – DBA is responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, and acquiring software and hardware resources as needed. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Database designers – identify data to be stored in the database and choosing appropriate structures to represent and store the data. Most of these functions are done before the database is implemented and populated with the data. It is the responsibility of the database designers to communicate with all prospective users to understand their requirements and come up with a design that meets these requirements. Database designers interact with all potential users and develop views of the database that meet the data and processing requirements of these groups. The final database must support the requirements of all user groups. End Users Casual End Users – occasionally …